CONTENTS – PART 3 – LAND AND SURVEYING LAW AND ADMINISTRATION

SECTION 1-INTRODUCTION TO LAW AND SURVEYING

1.1 The Legal Context and an Introduction to Statutory Interpretation 

1.1.1 Introduction to the Law for Surveyors 

1.1.2 Definition of “The Law

1.1.4 Common Law  

1.1.5 Equity  

1.1.6 Classification of Common Law  

1.1.7 Courts  

1.1.8 Tribunals  

1.1.9 Precedent  

1.1.10 Law Reports  

1.1.11 Parliament  

1.1.12 Statute law  

1.1.13 Interpretation of Statute Law  

1.1.13.1 Common Law Principles  

1.1.13.2 Maxims  

1.1.13.3 Statutory Modification of Common Law Principles  

1.1.13.4 Interpretations Implied by Statute  

1.1.13.5 Index – Table of Provisions  

1.1.13.6 Further General Principles of Interpretation  

1.1.14 Caveat Surveyor  

1.1.15 Footnotes  

1.1.16 Bibliography  

1.2 Introduction to Surveying 

1.2.1 Development of the Profession 

1.2.2 Cadastral Surveying  

1.2.3 Estate Development  

1.2.4 Land Management  

1.2.5 Precise Measurement  

1.2.6 Topographic Surveying and Mapping  

1.2.7 Engineering and Mining Surveying 

1.2.8 Hydrographic Surveying 

1.2.9 Spatial Information 

1.2.10 Scientific Measurement 

1.2.11 Education and Training 

1.2.12 Surveyors’ Roles and Responsibilities 

SECTION 2 – ADMINISTRATION OF THE SURVEYING PROFESSION

2.1 Evolution of the Surveyors Board, Victoria  

2.2 The Authority of the Surveyors Board, Victoria  

2.2.1 Land Surveyors Act 1895 No.1400 

2.2.2 Land Surveyors Act 1915 No.2679  

2.2.3 Land Surveyors Act 1922 No-3196 

2.14 Land Surveyors Act 1928 No.3712  

2.2.5 Land Surveyors Act 1942 No.4939 

2.2.6 Land Surveyors Act 1945 No.5068 

2.2.7 Land Surveyors Act 1953 No.5713 

2.2.8 Land Surveyors Act 1958 No.6288 

2.2.9 Land Surveyors (Surveyors Board) Act 1977 No.8990 

2.2.10 Surveyors Act 1978 No.9180 

2.2.11 Concluding Remarks and Observations 

2.3 Authority of the Surveyor-General 

2.3.1 Introduction  

2.3.2 A Brief History of the Office of Surveyor General 

2.3.3 Statutory Powers of the Surveyor-General 

2.3.3.1 Survey Co-ordination Act 1958 No.6388 

2.3.3.2 Land Act 1958 No.6284 

2.3.3.3 Local Government Act 1989 No.ll (As amended by Local Government (Miscellaneous Amendments) Act 1993 No.125 

2.3.3.4 Forests Act 1958 No.6254 

2.3.3.5 National Parks Act 1975 No.8702 

2.3.3.6 Port of Geelong Authority Act 1958 No.6262 

2.3.3.7 Port of Melbourne Authority Act 1958 No.6312 

2.3.3.8 Other Acts  

2.3.3.9 Electoral Boundaries Commission Act 1982 No.9801 

2.3.3.10 Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 

2.3.3.11 Evidence Act 1958 No.6246 

2.3.3.12 Surveyors Act 1978 No.9180 

2.3.3.13 Commonwealth Weights and Measures (National Standards) Regulations 

2.3.4 General Observations  

2.4 Licensing of Surveyors in Victoria 

2.4.1 Progress of Legislation 1866-1958 

2.4.2 Contemporary Legislation 

2.4.2.1 Surveyors Act 1978 No.9180 

2.4.2.2 Surveyors (Registration) Regulations 1980 S.R.No.446 

2.4.2.3 Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys) Regulations 1985 S.R.No.209 

2.4.2.4 Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys) (Amendment) Regulations 1989 S.R.No.259

2.4.3 Transfer of Land Statutes and Land Surveyors Acts Enumeration 

2.4.4 Regulations and Statutory Rules Enumeration under Land Surveyors Acts  

2.5 The Institution of Surveyors, Australia Inc.  

2.5.1 History of Formation 

2.5.2 Roll of Presidents of The Institution of Surveyors, Australia. 

2.5.3 Constitution of The Institution of Surveyors, Australia. 

2.5.4 Code of Ethics of The Institution of Surveyors, Australia, Inc (Vide By-Law 59) 

2.5.5 Professional Conduct By-Law 59:  

2.5.6 Relationship with Other Professions 

2.5.7 International Affiliations 

2.5.8 The Origin and Symbolism of the Crest of The Institution of Surveyors, Australia. Inc. 

2.5.9 Use of Crest  

2.5.10 The Medal of The Institution 

2.6 The Institution of Surveyors, Victoria  

2.6.1 Origins  

2.6.2 Objects of The Institution of Surveyors, Victoria  

2.6.3 The Name  

2.6.4 Qualification for Membership (I.S.V. Clause 20) (I.S.A. By-Law 6) 

2.6.5 Nomination of Councillors (I.S.V. Clause 67) (I.S.A. By-Laws 83,84, 85)  

2.6.6 Advertising by Members 

2.6.7 Principal Aims of The Institution 

2.6.8 Benefits of Membership 

2.6.9 The Institution Role  

2.7 Association of Consulting Surveyors (Victoria) Inc. 

2.7.1 History  

2.7.1.1 Private Practising Surveyors  

2.7.1.2 The Conference of Australian Surveyors’ Private Practice Associations (CASPPA) 

2.7.1.3 Private Practice Panel 

2.7.1.4 Private Practice Panel Rules 

2.7.2 Formation of Association of Consulting Surveyors (Victoria) Inc.

2.7.3 Autonomy

2.7.4 Incorporation 

 2.7.5 Objectives 

2.7.6 Membership 

2.7.7 Newsletter  

2.7.8 Professional Indemnity Insurance 

2.8 Association of Consulting Surveyors Australia Inc. 

2.8.1 The Future Role of the Association 

2.8.2 Surveying in the Future 

SECTION 3 – LAND SETTLEMENT AND THE ROLE OF THE SURVEYOR

3.1 A Brief Overview -1801 to 1991 

3.2 Early Exploration and Surveying -1801 to 1837 . 

3.2.1 The First Attempts at Settlement 

3.2.2 Formation of Survey Policy 

3.2.3 Formation of Survey Procedures for Port Phillip 

3.2.4 A Slow Start to the Port Phillip Survey 

3.2.5 Instructions for Laying Out the Parishes 

3.2.6 Plans of the Primary Cadastre 

3.3 Land Settlement Legislation -1837 to 1988

3.3.1 Settlement in the Port Phillip District

3.3.3 Sale of Crown Lands Acts 1860 

3.3.4 Sale and Occupation of Crown Lands Act 1862

3.3.5 Amending Land Act 1865 

3.3.6 Land Act 1869  

3.3.7 Land Act 1884  

3.3.8 Mallee Pastoral Leases Act 1883

3.3.9 Settlement of Lands Act 1893 

3.3.10 Mallee Lands Act 1896 

3.3.11 Land Act 1898 

3.3.12 Land Act 1901  

3.3.13 Land Act 1911  

3.3.14 Land (Residences Areas) Act 1935 

3.3.15 Land Settlement Post World War 2 – the Declining Years 

3.4 Closer Settlement Schemes in Victoria 

3.4.1 Emergence of Closer Settlement 

3.4.2 Closer Settlement Act 1904 No.1962  

3.4.3 Discharged Soldiers’Settlement Act 1917 No.2926 

3.4.4 Establishment of Closer Settlement Board 

3.4.5 Closer Settlement Commission 

3.4.6 Further Changes in Administration 

3.4.7 Soldier Settlement Commisssion 1946 

3.4.8 Rural Finance and Settlement Commission 1959 

3.4.9 Urban Land Settlement 

3.4.10 Settlement for Housing Purposes. 

3.4.11 Reclamation Projects for Housing and Industrial Purposes. 

3.4.12 Pre-emptive Rights for Small Allotments in Government Townships

3.5 Bibliography 

SECTION 4 – LAND TENURE……………………………. 

4.1 Basic Principles and the Origins of Terminology

4.2 Feudal Origins of Land Law 

4.2.1 Feudal Land Tenure . 

4.2.2 Custom 

4.2.3. Legislation 

4.2.3.1  Subordinate Legislation . 

4.2.4 Case Law

4.3 Equity. 

4.4 Estates and Tenures 

4.5 The Introduction of English Law 

4.6 Commonwealth Law 

4.7 Land Law 

4.8 Proof of Title and the Problems involved.  

4.9 The Origins of the Torrens System of Registration 

4.9.1 The Torrens System in South Australia 

4.9.2 The Torrens System in Victoria 

4.10 Boundaries of Land  

4.11 Summary of Forms of Land Tenure 

4.11.1 Estates of Freehold:  

4.11.2 Crown Land 

4.11.3 The Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act 1975 and “Mabo”. 

4.11.4 Unoccupied Crown Land 

4.11.5 Mining Interests 

4.13 Leaseholds 

4.14 Bibliography 

SECTION 5 – DEALINGS IN LAND ……………………………..  

Introductory Note for 1994 Revision 

5.1 Bringing General Law Land under the Operation of the Transfer of Land Act

5.1.1 Traditional Applications 

5.1.2 Accelerated Conversion Methods 

5.1.2.1 Deed Registration Conversion (section 26C TLA.) 

5.1.2.2 Certificate (Non-Survey) Conversion (section 26D TLA.) 

5.1.2.3 Certificate (Survey) Conversion (section 26E TLA.) 

5.1.3 Qualified Folio of the Register

5.1.3.1 Warning as to Title

5.1.3.2 Warning as to Dimensions 

5.1.3.3 Discrepancy with Abutting Folios

5.1.3.4 How is a Warning as to Dimensions Removed?. 

5.1.3.5 When is Necessary to Remove a Warning as to Dimensions?. 

5.1.3.6 Subdivision of a Qualified Folio with Warning as to Dimensions 

5.1.3.7 Determination of Boundaries and Procedures. 

5.1.3.8 Consolidation of Qualified Folios with Warning as to Dimensions 

5.1.4 Other Methods of Conversion 

5.1.4.1 Registrar’s Direction 

5.1.4.2 Compulsory Acquisition  

5.1.4.3 Miscellaneous Conversions

5.1.5 Some General Provisions 

5.1.5.1 Discharge of General Law Mortgage by an Instrument under the Transfer of Land Act 1958: 

5.1.5.2 Assurance Fee Abolished 

5.1.5.3 Refusal to Convert 

5.1.5.4 Searching Polios to Converted Land 

5.1.5.5 Registration of General Law Deeds Affecting Converted Land 

5.1.5.6 The Use of Aerial Photography in Support of Applications Based on Possession 

5.1.5.7 Bibliography 

5.2 Adverse Possession

5.2.1 Notes on Applications under the Transfer of Land Act 1958 based on Adverse Possession 

5.2.2 The Basis of the Application 

5.2.2.1 The new approach taken by the Registrar of Titles (August 1993) 

5.2.3 The Application

5.2.3.1 The Requirement of Survey

5.2.3.2 The Role of a Surveyor in an Adverse Possession Application under section 9, section 26E or section 60 TLA 

5.2.3.3 Measurement of Boundaries 

5.2.3.4 Survey Information as Supporting Evidence 

5.2.4 Evidence to Support the Application 

5.2.5 Comments on Aspects of Application and Evidence 

5.2.5.1 Terms “Possession” and “Occupation” 

5.2.5.2 Quantum of User. 

5.2.5.3 Easements Affecting the Land Applied For. 

5.2.5.4 Mortgages or Charges Affecting the Land Applied For 

5.2.5.5 Restrictive Covenants Recorded on the Folio of the Register for the Land Applied For 

5.2.6 Adverse Possession – Effect on Future Interests 

5.2.7 Advertisement of Application 

5.2.8 Caveats Against Applications 

5.2.9 Bibliography 

5.3 Amendment of Boundaries of Land 

5.3.1 Section 99 Transfer of Land Act 1958 

5.3.2 Section 103 Transfer of Land Act 1958 

5.3.3 Consolidation of Lands Not Possible in a Section 99 or 103 Application 

5.3.4 Role of the Surveyor 

5.4 Abuttals Unknown to Documents of Title 

5.4.1 Abuttals Must Be Justified 

5.4.2 Forms of Justification 

5.4.2.2 Government Road 

5.4.2.3 Roads Other Than Government Roads   

5.4.3 Other Abuttals (Channel, Railway etc.) 

5.5 Easements  

5.5.1 Nature of an Easement 

5.5.2 Essentials of an Easement  

5.5.2.1 There must be a dominant and a servient tenement 

5.5.2.2 An easement must accommodate the dominant tenement 

5.5.2.3 The dominant and servient tenements must not be both owned and occupied by the same person 

5.5.2.4 The easement must be capable of forming the subject matter of a grant.

5.5.3 Types of Easement  

5.5.4 Ancillary Rights 

5.5.5. Divisibility of Easements 

5.5.6 The Transfer of Land Act and Easements 

5.5.6.1 General 

5.5.6.2 Applications under Section 9 to bring land under the Act and easements where either dominant or servient tenement is under the general law … 

5.5.6.3 Section 42 of the Transfer of Land Act 

5.5.6.4 Section 45 of the Transfer of Land Act 

5.5.6.5 Sections 54 and 57 of the Transfer of Land Act  

5.5.6.6 Sections 62, 73, 73A and 106(c) of the Transfer of Land Act 

5.5.6.7 Section 72 of the Transfer of Land Act 

5.5.6.8 Sections 77(4) and 79(4) of the Transfer of Land Act   

5.5.6.9 Section 88(2) of the Transfer of Land Act 

5.5.6.10 Easements appropriated on a plan of subdivision – section 98 of the Transfer of Land Act  

5.5.7 Conditional Easements and Easements Coupled with Obligations to Performed by Grantor or Grantee

5.5.7.1 Conditional easement 

5.5.7.2 Easement coupled with an obligation not being a restrictive covenant

5.5.7.3 Easement coupled with an obligation imposed by way of restrictive covenant burdening land of one party for the benefit of specified land of the other party 

5.5.8 Easements Contained in a Mortgage or Lease 

5.5.9 Instruments Creating or Reserving an Easement 

5.5.9.1 General 

5.5.9.2 Creation of easement  

5.5.9.3 Transfers containing a creation and/or reservation of easement 

5.5.10 Easements in Gross (Statutory Easements)  

5.5.11 Removal of Easements from the Register Book 

5.5.11.1 Provisions of the Transfer of Land Act 

5.5.11.2 By other statutes 

5.5.11.3 By merger 

5.5.11.4 By resubdivision 

5.5.11.5 By Instrument of Surrender 

5.5.11.6 Abandonment under seal 

5.5.11.7 Abandonment of easement appurtenant to land taken for road deviation . 

5.5.12 Provisions of the Transfer of Land Act affecting the Creation and Surrender of Easements other than those implied pursuant to section 98

5.5.12.1 Easements of carriageway created by Instrument of Creation (Section 5.5.9.2) or created or reserved in a transfer (Section 5.5.9.3) or in a mortgage or lease (Section 5.5.8) 

5.5.12.2 Surrender or abandonment of easement

5.5.13 Easements in favour of electricity corporations – Section 43 of the Electricity Industry Act 1993

5.5.14 Easements Appropriated in Favour of Public Authorities 

5.5.14.1 Easements under Former Legislation

5.5.14.2 Easements under Current Legislation

5.5.14.3 Easements in Favour of Public Authorities etc. under the Subdivision Act . 

5.5.14.4 Further Reading 

5.5.15 Easements and the Subdivision Act 1988 

5.5.15.1 General  

5.5.15.2 Section 4 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.15.3 Section 6 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.15.4 Section 12 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.15.5 Section 23 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.15.6 Section 24 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.15.7 Section 32 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.15.8 Section 36 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.15.9 Section 37 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.15.10 Schedule 2 of the Subdivision Act 

5.5.16 Easements over Crown Land Ancilliary to Alienations in Strata  

5.5.17 Bibliography

5.6 Subdivision Act 19

5.6.1 Background to the Development of the Subdivision Act

5.6.2 Summary of Concepts 

5.6.3 Provisions of the Subdivision Act in Dealings with Land

5.6.3.1 Subdivision Encompasses Land, Buildings and Airspace

5.6.3.2 Easement Provisions 

5.6.3.3 Fragmentation of Land Without Subdivision Virtually Eliminated

5.6.3.4 Roads and Reserves Vest Upon Plan Registration

5.6.3.5 Plans Containing Bodies Corporate

5.6.3.6 Acquisition of Land by an Acquiring Authority 

5.6.3.7 Staged Subdivision 

5.7 Licences and Leases for Strata of Crown Land 

5.7.1 Definition 

5.7.2 Leasing of Strata of Crown Land 

5.7.3 1993 Amendments to Land Act 1958 

5.7.4 Local Government Act 1989 

5.7.4.1 Councils Incorporated under the Local Government Act 1989

5.7.4.2 Standardized Name

5.7.4.3 Practice in the Land Titles Office (LTO) 

5.7.4.4 Powers of Council 

5.7.4.5 Delegation pursuant to the provisions of section 98(1) of the LGA 1989: 

5.7.4.6 Transfers by a Council 

5.7.4.7 Transfers related to roads pursuant to section 207D of the LGA following the exercise of a power under Schedule 10 

5.7.4.8 Exchange application pursuant to Section 207E 

5.7.4.9 Restriction on power to sell land 

5.7.4.10 Power to lease land 

5.7.4.11 Creation of easement by a council 

5.7.4.12 Transfer to a council 

5.7.4.13 Power to accept gifts 

5.7.4.14 Creation of easements to a council 

5.8 Synopsis of Legislation Relative to Land Registration 

5.8.1 Transfer of Land Act 1958 

5.8.2 Property Law Act 1958 

5.8.3 Land Act 195 

5.8.4 Local Government Act 1989 

5.8.5 Sale of Land Act

5.8.6 Subdivision Act 1988

5.9 Legislative Requirements Relating to Licensed Surveyors and the Making of Survey for Dealings With Land 

5.9.1 Surveyors Act 1978 No.9180 

5.9.2 Surveyors (Registration) Regulations 1980 S.R. No.446 

5.9.3 Surveyors (Cadastral Surveys) Regulations 1985 S.R. No.209 

5.9.3.1 Classification and Accuracy of Surveys – Regulations 9 and 10 

5.9.3.2 Survey Marks – Regulations 11 to 15 

5.9.3.3 Survey Boundaries – Regulation 16 

5.9.3.4 Field Survey – Regulation 17 

5.9.3.5 Draughting Standards and Other Information Required in Survey Documents- Regulations 18 – 22 

5.9.3.6 Field Notes – Regulation 23 

5.9.3.7 Abstract of Field Notes and Plans – Regulations 24 and 25 

5.9.4 Survey Co-ordination Act 1958 No.6388 

5.9.4.1 Connexion of Surveys to Standard or Local Traverse – Regulation 12(3)

5.9.5 Transfer of Land Act 1958 

5.9.5.1 Definition of Licensed Surveyor and Survey

5.9.5.2 Surveys and Subdivisions 

5.9.6 Subdivision Act 

5.9.6.1 Land to be Marked Out 

5.9.6.2 Prescribing Standards 

5.9.7 Subdivision (Procedures) Regulations 1989

5.9.7.1 Signing of Plans

5.9.7.2 Special Information for Office of Titles

5.9.7.3 Advice that Land has been Marked Out or Defined 

5.9.8 Sale of Land Act

5.9.8.1 Where Land Sold does not accord with Land in Plan

5.9.9 The Exercising of Discretion as to When Surveys are Required in Dealing with Land 

5.9.9.1 Enabling Provisions 

5.9.9.2 Use of the Discretion 

5.9.9.3 Change Introduced with the Promulgation of the Sale of Land Act

5.9.9.4 Non-Survey Guidelines 

SECTION 6 – LAND ACQUISITION AND COMPENSATION 

6.1 Introduction

6.2 History 

6.3 Land Acquisition and Compensation Act 1986 

6.3.1 General Provisions 

6.3.2 The Acquisition Process – An Overview 

6.3.3 The Acquisition Process – in Detail 

6.3.3.1 Notice of Intention to Acquire 

6.3.3.2 Reservation of Land 

6.3.3.4 Notice of Acquisition 

6.3.3.5 Service of Notice of Acquisition 

6.3.3.6 Entry into Possession  

6.3.3.7 Initial Offer of Compensation 

6.3.3.8 Advance of Compensation 

6.3.3.9 Response by Claimant to the Offer 

6.3.3.10 Authority’s Reply to Claim   

6.3.3.11 Further Response from Claimant   

6.3.3.12 Determination of Disputes  

6.3.4 Compensation   

6.3.4.1 Definitions  

6.3.4.2 Underlying Zoning  

6.3.4.3 Assessment of Compensation 

6.3.4.4 Solatium  

6.4 Planning and Environment Act 1987 

6.4.1 Compensation  

6.4.2 Loss on Sale  

6.4.3 Loss or Damage  

6.4.4 Assessment  

6.5 Subdivision Act 1988  

SECTION 7 – BOUNDARIES

7.1 Cadastral Boundaries   

7.1.1 Historical Scene  

7.1.2 Legislation  

7.1.3 Existing Boundaries  

7.1.4 Location of Boundarie 

7.1.5 Creation of Road 

7.1.6 Location of Boundaries of Government Roads  

7.1.7 Location of Boundaries of Subdivisional Roads   

7.1.8 Location of Boundaries of General Law Roads.  

7.1.9 Crown Boundaries  

7.1.10 Land Titles Office Practice – Crown Boundaries   

7.1.11 Subdivisional Boundaries  

7.1.12 Boundaries – Natural  

7.1.13 Statutory Requirements  

7.1.14 Adjustment of Title Dimensions  

7.1.15 Certificates of Adjustment  

7.1.16 Application by a Proprietor for amendment of the Register (on the basis of a re-survey) 

7.1.17 Compulsory Acquisition  

7.1.18 Plan of Subdivision  

7.1.19 Plan of Consolidation  

7.1.20 Vesting Order (Section 60 of the Transfer of Land Act 1958)   

7.1.21 Bringing Land under the operation of the Transfer of Land Act 1958  

7.2 Railway Boundaries  

7.2.1 History  

7.2.2 Land Ownership  

7.2.2.1 Wing Fencing  

7.2.2.2 Rail Bridge over River Reserve  

7.2.2.3 Easements, Licences and Occupation Crossings  

7.2.2.4 Road Diversions  

7.2.3 Re-establishment of Railway Boundaries   

7.2.4 Other Relevant Information  

7.2.4.1 Fences  

7.2.4.2 Gauge  

7.2.4.3 Bridge Abutments and Level Crossings  

7.2.4.4 Special Railway Conditions 

7.2.5 Railways of Australia Code  

7.3 State Boundaries  

7.3.1 Chronology  

7.3.2 North East Boundary 

7.3.3 North Boundary 

7.3.4 Western Boundary  

7.3.5 Southern Boundary  

7.3.6 Offshore Boundary  

7.3.7 Depth 

7.3.8 Height  

7.3.9 General  

7.3.10 Bibliography  

7.4 Maritime Boundaries  

7.4.1 Introduction 

7.4.2 The Definition of Maritime Claims  

74.3 Limits of Marine Claims in the Vicinity of Victoria   

7.4.4 Other Maritime Limits  

7.4.5 Conclusion  

7.4.6 Bibliography.  

SECTION 8 – PLANNING AND LAND SUBDIVISION …………………..

8.1 Introduction  

8.2 Brief History of Land Use Control  

8.2.1 Metropolitan Town Planning Commission 1922  

8.2.2 Melbourne and Metropolitan Town Planning Report  

8.2.3 Legislation Takes Shape  

8.2.4 Town and Country Planning Act 1944  

8.2.5 The First Metropolitan Planning Scheme  

8.2.6 The Town and Country Planning Act 1961 No.6849  

8.2.7 Planning and Environment Act 1987  

8.2.7.1 Scope of Planning  

8.2.7.2 Improved Public Awareness of Planning Scheme Provisions  

8.2.7.3 Permits and Appeals  

8.2.7.4 Compensation 

8.2.7.5 Enforcement Provisions  

8.2.7.6 Legislation Related to Planning  

8.2.7.7 Planning Literature  

8.3 Planning Appeals  

8.3.1 Planning Appeals Tribunals  

8.3.2 Appeals before the Administrative Appeals Tribunal  

8.3.3 The Surveyor as an Expert Witness  

8.4 The Surveyor and Environment Impact Assessment  

8.4.1 Introduction  

8.4.2 Environmental Effects Act 1978 No.9135  

8.4.2.1 Proposals  

8.4.2.2 Concepts  

8.4.3 Preparation of Environment Effects Statement  

8.4.4 Public Access  

8.4.5 Commonwealth Government Interests   

8.5 Land Subdivision Prior to 1989  

8.5.1 Introduction  

8.5.2 The Earliest Controls   

8.5.3 Local Government Control of Subdivision – A Brief History  

8.5.4 Local Government Act 1958 – Subdivision – A Brief Summary of Relevant Sections   

8.5.5 Restrictions on Sale of Land in a Subdivision  

8.5.6 Transfer of Land Act and Subdivision  

8.5.7 Stratum Subdivision  

8.5.7.1 Background.  

8.5.7.2 Aspects of the Plan and Survey   

8.5.7.3 Aspects of the Purchase and Registration of Land in a Stratum Subdivision  

8.5.7.4 Summary  

8.5.7.5 Bibliography  

8.5.8 Strata Titles Act 1967 No.7551  

8.5.8.1 Background.  

8.5.8.2 Units and Accessory Units  

8.5.8.3 Common Property  

8.5.8.4 Body Corporate and By-Laws  

8.5.8.5 Easements  

8.5.8.6 Surveyors Responsibility   

8.5.8.7 Aspects of the Survey and Plans   

8.5.8.8 Sale and Transfer of Lots 

8.5.9 Licences for Strata of Crown Land  

8.5.10 Cluster Titles Act 1974 No.8661   

8.5.10.1 Background.  

8.5.10.2 Introduction of Cluster Titles Act  

8.5.10.3 Application of the Cluster Titles Act  

8.5.10.4 Choice of Strata Titles Act or Cluster Titles Act  

8.5.10.5 Cluster Titles (Amendment) Act 1978 No.9128  

8.5.10.6 Review of Cluster Titles Act  

8.5.10.7 Validity of Existing Strata and Cluster Titles   

8.5.11 Amendments to Sale of Land Act 1962 No.6975  

8.5.11.1 The Original Act  

8.5.11.2 Later Amendments  

8.6 Impact of the Subdivision Act 1988  

8.7 Subdivision Act 1988  

8.7.1 Parti-Preliminary  

8.7.2 Planning Permit Applications 

8.7.3 Part 2 – Certification of Submitted Plans  

8.7.4 General Provisions  

8.7.5 Part 3 – Statutory Requirements for Plans  

8.7.6 Part 4 – Registration of Certified Plans   

8.7.7 Part 5 – Subdivisions with Bodies Corporate   

8.7.8 Part 6 – Miscellaneous   

8.8 Other Acts to be Monitored   

SECTION 9 – ROADS ……………………………………. 

9.1 Introduction and Scope  

9.1.1 General  

9.1.2 Recent and Proposed Legislative Changes  

9.2 Roads Dedicated to the Public and Private Roads   

9.2.1 General  

9.2.2 Roads Dedicated to the Public  

9.2.2.1 Roads (Dedicated to thePublic) not being a Public Highway  

9.2.2.2 Public Highways  

9.2.3 Private Roads  

9.3 Management of Roads  

9.3.1 General  

9.3.2 Road Classification Systems  

9.3.2.1 State Statutory Classifications  

9.3.2.2 Commonwealth Statutory Classification  

9.3.3 Management of the Classified Roads  

9.3.4 Management of Unclassified Roads  

9.3.4.1 General  

9.3.4.2 Management of Unclassified Roads – Municipal Councils  

9.3.4.3 Management of Unclassified Roads – Private Roads  

9.3.5 Management of Roads – Other Responsible Bodies   

9.4 Creation of Roads  

9.4.1 General  

9.4.2 Crown or Government Roads and Freehold Roads   

9.4.2.1 Creation of Crown or Government Roads (General)  

9.4.2.2 Creation of Crown or Government Roads under 

Land Act 1958  

9.4.2.3 Creation of Crown or Government Roads under the Crown Land (Reserves) Act 1973 

9.4.3 Creation of Freehold Roads (General)  

9.4.3.1 Creation under the Local Government Act 1989   

9.4.3.2 Creation on Plans of Subdivision Certified and Registered Under the Subdivision Act 1988.  

9.4.3.3 Creation under the Transport Act 1983 . 

9.4.3.4 Creation by acquisition on Plans of Subdivision Certified and Registered Under the Subdivision Act 1988..  

9.5 Closing of Roads. 

9.5.1 General  

9.5.2. Closure of Roads under the Land Act 1958. 

9.5.3 Closure of Roads under the Planning and Environment Act 1987 

9.5.4 Closure of Roads under the Local Government Act 1989  

9.5.4.1 General  

9.5.4.2 Repeal of Streets etc. Provisions of the Local Government (Miscellaneous) Act 1958 

9.5.4.3 Closure of Roads under the Local Government (Miscellaneous) Act 1958.  

9.5.4.4 Closure of Roads under the Local Government Act 1989.  

9.5.5 Closure of Roads under the Transport Act 1983  

9.5.6 Closure of Roads under the Transfer of Land Act 1958  

9.5.7 Closure of Roads under the provisions of other Acts  

9.5.8 Closure of Roads by Merger or Resubdivision  

9.6 Licensing of Unused Roads 

9.6.1 General  

9.6.2 Interpretation of Unused Road  

9.6.3 Dealing with Unused Roads  

9.7 Acts Dealing with Roads  

9.8 Bibliography  

9.9 Example Government Gazette Notices Related to Roads  

SECTION 10 – MINING TENURE AND DELINEATION . …………………

10.1 Retrospect 

10.2 Development in Victoria  

10.2.1 Mining on Private Land  

10.2.2 Government Policy to Alienation of Minerals  

10.2.3 The 1891 Royal Commission on Gold Mining  

10.2.4 Mining Administration  

10.3 Surveys for Mining Titles  

10.3.1 The Rise and Fall of Mining Surveyors   

10.3.2 Surveys for Mining Titles in the Recent Past  

10.3.3 Surveys for Mining Titles – The Contemporary Scene 

10.4 Other Related Tenures  

10.4.1 Extractive Industries Act 1966 No.7499 (As at 15 April 1987)  

10.4.1.1 Marking Out and Survey   

10.4.2 Extractive Industry Leases  

10.4.2.1 Obligations of The Registrar of Titles  

10.4.2.2 Authority to Grant Leases  

10.4.2.3. Assignment or Transfer of Leases.   

10.4.2.4. Variations of Covenants and conditions in current leases.  

10.4.2.5. Renewals of Leases  

10.4.2.6. Renewals and Variations of Leases.  

10.4.3 Pipelines Act 1967 No.7541, (As at 10 September 1988)  

10.4.4 Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1967 No.7591   

SECTION 11 – RIPARIAN AND WATER RIGHTS …………………….  

11.1 Introduction 

11.2 Natural Riparian Rights (Common and General Law) 

11.3 Common Law and Irrigation 

11.4 Statutory Provisions affecting the Rights of Riparian Owners 

11.4.1 The Land Act 1869  

11.4-2TheIrrigationActl886No.898  

11.4.2.1 The Act 

11.4.3 Definition of Existing Rights 

11.4.4 The Water Act 1905 No.2016    

11.4.5 Natural Flooding 

11.4.6 Summary of Law  

11.5 Riparian Rights and Related Matters

11.5.1 Water Act-Section 14-Legal Aspects 

11.5.2 Pre-Emptive Rights  

11.5.3 Local Authorities’Claim to Water 

11.5.4 Alteration of Course of Streams 

11.5.5 Frontage Reserves to Rivers, Streams and Lakes 

11.6 Ground Water Act 1969 

11.6.1 Bore 

11.6.2 Pollution

11.6.3 Riparian Rights-Ground Water

11.7 Drainage of Land Act 1975 

11.7.1 Principles of Liability 

11.8 Floodplain Management  

11.8.1 Definition 

11.8.2 Floodplain Management Responsibility 

11.8.3 Floodplain Management Legislation

11.8.4 Regulating Land Use 

11.8.5 Mitigation of Flood Problems 

11.9 Water and Mining 

11.9.1 Acts Prior to Mines Act 1958 

11.9.2 Mines Act 1958 (as amended to Act No.9945,1983) 

11.9.2.1 Exclusive rights of claim owners 

11.9.2.2 Licences

11.9.2.3 Licences related to Crown lands

11.9.2.4 Pollution

11.9.2.5 Riparian and Water Rights 

11.10 Water for Domestic and Stock Use and Irrigation 

 11.10.1 Water for Domestic and Stock Use

11.10.2 Water for Irrigation 

11.11 Summary

11.11.1 Rights inWater 

11.11.2 Statutory “Riparian” Entitlements 

11.11.3 Statutory Entitlements to Groundwater 

11.11.4 Riparian Land Subdivisions

11.11.5 Riparian Rights – A General Comment

11.12 Bibliography

11.13 The Water Act 1989

11.13.1 Introduction 

11.13.2 Common Law

11.13.3. Statute Law.

11.13.4 Water Act 1989.

11.13.5 Rights

11.13.6 Liabilities

11.13.7 Groundwater.

11.13.8 Water Storages.  

11.13.9 Allocation of Water 

11.13.10 Works. 

11.13.11 Authorities

11.13.12 General Powers. 

11.13.13 Water Supply.  

11.13.14 Sewerage 

11.13.15 Waterway Management. 

11.13.16 Irrigation 

11.13.17 Access Over Lands. 

11.13.18 Finance and Accountability. 

11.13.19 Enforcement 

11.13.20 General 

11.13.21 Schedules. 

SECTION 12 – PRIVATE PRACTICE ……………………………. 

12.1 Professional Responsibilities 

12.1.1 Statutory Responsibilities 

12.1.2 Ethical Practice 

12.1.3 Obligations to Staff 

12.2 Establishment of a Practice 

12.2.1 Ownership Structure 

12.2.3 Partnership 

12.2.4 Proprietary Company 

12.2.5 Unit Trust 

12.3 Contracts 

12.3.1 Definition

12.3.2 Client/Principal Relationship

12.3.3 Formal Contracts

12.3.4 Contract Administration 

12.3.5 Tendering 

12.3.6 Guide for Survey Fees 

12.3.7 Settlement of Disputes 

12.4 Professional Indemnity Insurance 

12.4.1 Background

12.4.2 Contemporary Situation 

12.4.3 Settlement of Claims 

12.5 Industrial Relations  

12.5.1 Background 

12.5.2 Contemporary Situation 

12.6 Quality Assurance 

12.6.1 Quality System Accreditation 

12.6.2 Consulting Surveyors Quality Corporation 

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………. 

Fig. 2.1 Layering Concept Section 2 

Fig.2.2 Data Flow Diagram Section 2 

Fig. 2.3 Relationships Between Surveying Software, Surveying systems and other software Section 2 

Fig. 3.1 Sources of Digital Survey Data Section 3

Fig. 3.2 Management of Digital Data Section 3 

Fig. A1.1 A Series Drawing Sheets Appendix A1  

Fig. A1.2 Size and location of drawing frame on drawing sheets with filing margin Appendix A1 

Fig. A1.3 Size and location of drawing frame on drawing sheets without filing margin Appendix A1 

Fig. A2.1 Bar Scale Appendix A2 

Fig. A2.2 North Points Appendix A2

Fig. A2.3.1 & .2 Positioning of Lettering Appendix A2 

Fig.A3.1.1 Lines of equal thickness Appendix A3 

Fig. A3.1.2 Lines of different thickness Appendix A3 

Fig. A3.2.1 & .2 Spacing of lines Appendix A3 

Fig. A4.1 Lettering Rules Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.2 Character Shapes & Proportions Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.3 ISO 3098/1 Type B Upright Characters Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.4 ISO 3098/1 Type B Sloping Characters Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.5 Characters clear of lines Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.6 Example of decimal form Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.7 Numbers for referring to item lists Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.8 Extension lines Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.9 Arrowheads Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.10 Dots terminating line Appendix A4 

Fig. A4.11 Leaders terminating in dots Appendix A4 

Fig. A7.1 Magnetic Declination – Historic Perspective Appendix A7 

Fig. A7.2 Magnetic Declination – Isogonic Lines Appendix A7 

LIST OF TABLES……………………………. 

TABLE A 1.1 Dimensions of Preferred Sheets Appendix A1 

 TABLE Al.2 Dimensions of Non Preferred Sheets Appendix A1 

 TABLE A1.3 Dimensions of Preferred Sheets (With wider borders) Appendix A1  

 TABLE A1.4 Dimensions of Non Preferred Sheets (With wider borders)  

 TABLE A1.5 Dimensions of Drawing Frame: Roll Drawings Appendix A1

 TABLE A1.6 Details of Alpha-Numeric References Appendix A1

 TABLE A2.1 Surveying & Mapping Scales Appendix A2 

 TABLE A3.1 Lines – Types and Dimensions Appendix A3 

 TABLE A3.2 Linework & Symbols – Cadastral ppendix A3 

 TABLE A4.1 Lettering Rules Appendix A4 

 TABLE A4.2 Minimum Height of Characters on Drawings Appendix A4 

 TABLE A6.1 Abbreviation of Terms in Common Use in Surveying in Victoria Appendix A6 

 TABLE A6.2 Interpretation of Abbreviation Listed in Table Appendix A6 

 TABLE A6.3 Abbreviations of Terms in Common Use on Architectural and Building Drawings Appendix A6 

 TABLE A6.4 Interpretations of Abbreviations Listed in Table Appendix A6